Contents
Abstract
The DocBook Authoring and Publishing Suite (DAPS) is developed as open source software for Linux operating systems and is licensed under the GPL. A number of integrated tools, stylesheets, scripts, and makefiles help technical writers in the editing, translation and publishing process. DAPS supports single source publishing into a number of different output formats, and is suited both for small documentation projects as well as for comprehensive projects, created by multiple authors in a collaborative effort.
This document is intended for users who want to make efficient use of DocBook-XML for editing and publishing their documentation—be it documentation sets, individual books, or articles. Key knowledge of XML and DocBook is required, as well as key knowledge of using the Bash Shell (or command line interfaces in general).
Currently, DAPS supports only DocBook 4.x. Support for DocBook 5.x is planned for version 2.0.
DAPS is a lean solution that does not require a lot of system resources.
The required amount of RAM mostly depends on the volume of your documentation projects. For creation of PDF output, 2 GB of RAM are recommended.
If you have multiple or very large documentation projects, a machine with multiple cores is recommended.
The disk space consumed mostly depends on the amount of your documentation sources and the number of output formats you want to generate.
In addition to DAPS, you need the following software:
An XML (or text) editor of your choice.
For generating PDF output: an FO formatter, like FOP or XEP. Antenna House Formatter is currently not supported. Whereas FOP is an open source product, both XEP and Antenna House are commercial products.
When installing DAPS as an RPM package (on any SUSE-based system), dependencies on other software packages are automatically resolved during installation.
For installing the DAPS sources on other Linux distributions (with
configure, make, and
make install), make sure the following packages or
tools are installed on your system. Otherwise the installation scripts will
fail.
convert (included in the
ImageMagick package)
DocBook 4
DocBook 4 Stylesheets (usually a separate package)
make
xmlcatalog (usually part of the package
libxml2,
libxml-utils, or
libxml-tools)
xmllint (usually part of the package
libxml2,
libxml-utils, or
libxml-tools)
xsltproc (if not available as a separate package, it may be
included in libxslt)
During the installation procedure, the convert
script informs you about any further missing software packages. Refer to
Procedure 1, “Installing the DAPS Sources” for more information.
For DAPS to work out of the box, it requires a certain organization of your XML files and images within your documentation directory. For details, refer to Section 5.2, “Directory Structure”. You can generate the necessary structure with the DAPS initialization script, daps-init. For instructions on how to make existing DocBook projects compatible with DAPS, refer to Section 11, “Migration of Existing DocBook Projects”.
To add further components like version management or a workflow mechanism for your projects, use DAPS in combination with the following software:
Any version management system, like CVS, Subversion, Mercurial or Git.
Docmanager, a command-line tool for adding and retrieving meta-information for all files belonging to a documentation project. Docmanager is especially useful for larger, collaborative projects where it helps you to keep track of owners (authors) and editing status of all files. However, Docmanager requires to host your documentation files on a Subversion server.
Together with the software components mentioned above, DAPS can be used as a fully-fledged authoring and content management system for documentation projects based on DocBook.
The DocBook Authoring and Publishing Suite can be installed and used on any Linux distribution. Currently, DAPS is available as RPM package for the openSUSE distribution. Eventually, RPM packages for further distributions may become available. In the meantime, you can download a tarball with the DAPS sources and install them on any distribution as described in Procedure 1, “Installing the DAPS Sources”.
For openSUSE, the daps package is
available from the Documentation:Tools
repository at http://download.opensuse.org/repositories. For the
complete path to the repository, add the version number of your openSUSE
installation. For example, the complete repository URL for openSUSE
12.1 is: http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Documentation:/Tools/openSUSE_12.1/
For basic details on how to add software repositories and how to install software on openSUSE, refer to the openSUSE Reference Guide. The guide is available from http://www.suse.com/documentation.
Choose one of the following installation methods. Dependencies to other packages that are required by DAPS are automatically resolved.
Go to http://software.opensuse.org/ and search for the
daps. On the resulting page,
click ++. Select the version
that is provided by the repository
Documentation:Tools. To start
installation of the package click the
link next to the selected package.
Add the Documentation:Tools repository
that matches your openSUSE version—see the introduction to this
section. From this repository, install the daps package. For more information on
installing packages with YaST refer to the openSUSE
Reference Guide, chapter Installing
Or Removing Software.
Add the Documentation:Tools repository
that matches your openSUSE version—see the introduction to this
section. From this repository, install the daps package. For more information on
installing packages with YaST refer to the openSUSE
Reference Guide, chapter Managing
Software with Command Line Tools.
For installation on other Linux distributions, the DAPS sources are
available as tarball. They can be installed with
configure, make, and make
install.
Procedure 1. Installing the DAPS Sources¶
Before starting the installation, check the DAPS Requirements and Additional Software and make sure to have all required packages and tools installed.
Go to http://sourceforge.net/projects/daps/files/ and
download the DAPS source tarball,
daps-.
versionnumber.tar.bz2
Unpack the tarball:
tar xvf daps-versionnumber.tar.bz2 Change to the newly created daps subdirectory
and start the configure script:
$ ./configure
If you want to adjust the DAPS installation paths:
View the available options with
$ ./configure --helpRun the configure script with the desired option.
The script checks your system for any software relevant to DAPS or the DAPS installation process. It also creates a makefile that will be used during installation. Based on the analysis, the script shows a summary that includes the following information:
the DAPS installation paths,
an overview of DAPS features that will be available on your system if you install DAPS now, and
which software is still missing to enable the remaining DAPS features as well.
Check the summary carefully.
Install missing packages, if necessary. After installing new packages, repeat Step 3 and check the summary again.
If everything is prepared according to your wishes, enter:
$ make
Start the installation process with:
$ sudo make install
For installation and configuration of an FO formatter (for generating PDF output), refer to its installation instructions (or to your system administrator). For FOP, you usually only need to install the respective FOP package. However, not all FOP packages contain hyphenation pattern files.
The easiest way to set up a new documentation project from scratch is to use the DAPS initialization script daps-init. For instructions how to do so, refer to Procedure 2, “Using daps-init ”. The script automatically creates the Key Files and Directory Structure that you need to get started with DAPS.
The following key files define a documentation project so that it can be processed by DAPS:
An XML file containing the “starting point” (the
highest-level object) of your documentation project (for example,
book or article). For larger
documentation projects, it is good practice to name the file
MAIN-,
but you can use any other filename as well.
PROJECTNAME.xml
A configuration file defining a number of parameters for your
documentation project (for example, the main file, layout variants, or
which profiling information to use). Of the multiple parameters that
can be set in the DC file, the only one required is
MAIN, pointing to the XML file that you want to
process.
For DAPS to work out of the box, your XML files and images must be organized in a specific structure within your documentation directory. Example 1, “Directory Structure” shows the required structure including the key files for a DAPS documentation project. You can also create multiple documentation directories for individual documentation projects, but they all need the substructure outlined below.
Example 1. Directory Structure¶
“Working directory” for the respective documentation project. | |
DC file defining the documentation project. | |
Top-level directory for any original images that you want to use in the documentation project. Contains subdirectories for images in various formats. Any images to be referenced in the XML sources must be put in the respective subdirectories. For information about referencing images, refer to Section 8.3, “Referencing Images”. | |
Directory holding the XML files for the documentation project. If you
declare entities in an external file (for example, in
| |
The Main file of the documentation project. It contains “references” to other books, chapters, appendices, etc. |
Use daps-init to set up a new documentation project from
scratch. The initialization script automatically creates the key files and
directory structure you need to get started with DAPS. View the
available options with the command daps-init --help. By
default, the script creates a book as example document.
Procedure 2. Using daps-init ¶
Create a directory that you want to use as your documentation directory:
$ mkdir DOC_DIR
Create the default directory structure for DAPS (containing an
example book):
$ daps-init -d PATH_TO_DOC_DIR
With the -r option, you can also set another root
element, such as article, for example. To create the
default directory structure with an article example:
$ daps-init -d PATH_TO_DOC_DIR -r articleIn case the specified directory does not exists, DAPS asks if to create it. Proceed by pressing y or n.
To see what the output of the XML example file looks like, follow the
instructions on the screen. For example, the following command specifies
the DC* file (DC-daps-example)
to use and the output format (color PDF) to create:
$ daps -d PATH_TO_DOC_DIR/DC-daps-example color-pdf
For creation of the PDF, DAPS uses FOP by default (if no other
formatter is specified) and applies the default DocBook stylesheets (if
no custom layout options are defined). At the end of the transformation
process, DAPS shows a message where to find the generated PDF. By
default, all contents generated by DAPS is located in the
build subdirectory. It is automatically created
within your documentation directory.
Check your documentation directory for the new files: The text file
DC-daps-example is annotated and gives you a rough
idea which options can be defined in a DC file. For having a look at
the XML source code of the book or
article, change to the xml
subdirectory and open the file
MAIN-DC-daps-example.xml in a text or XML
editor.
As DAPS does not include any editor software, you are completely free
in the choice of your XML editor. Basically, you can use any text editor,
but it is helpful if the editor supports editing XML in accordance with the
DTD you use. A number of open source editors can be extended with plug-ins
for automatic tag insertion and completion, insertion of
xref elements and for checks if the XML document is
well-formed. If you are already familiar with vi or Emacs, you can
configure them to support XML editing mode. If your prefer an editor with a
graphical user interface, jEdit is a good
choice.
If you already worked with DocBook, you know about the typical top-level
elements (or root elements) for documents: book or
article. For larger documentation projects, another
typical root element is set (a collection of
books).
To define the individual components of a book, other structural elements
are used, for example, part, chapter,
or appendix. Within a chapter, you will probably also
find sections, thus section (or
sect1, sect2 etc.) are further
structural elements, as are para (for paragraphs) or
orderedlist.
If you have set up your documentation project from scratch with daps-init, you can explore the example documents that are installed within the directory structure. They show the most commonly used DocBook XML constructs. For a complete DocBook reference see DocBook: The Definitive Guide.
Depending on the output format you generate with DAPS (PDF or HTML for example), the source images you provide and reference in your XML sources are automatically transformed into the appropriate output formats. For example, SVG images are converted to PNG for HTML builds, or color images to grayscale for black-and-white PDFs.
DAPS supports the following types of images:
DIA
EPS (experimental)
FIG
PDF (experimental)
PNG
SVG
DAPS requires a certain directory structure for your XML sources and
for your images that you want to reference in the XML files. For details,
refer to Directory Structure. Depending
on the file type of your source images, add them to the respective
subdirectories in
.
YOUR_DOC_DIR/images/src
![]() | Unique Image Names |
|---|---|
The base names of your images need to be unique throughout the image
subdirectories. DAPS processes images in parallel processes. For example,
if both To search for common image names, use the warn-images subcommand. It lists all images with non-unique base names for a particular documentation project. $ daps -d | |
Provided your images are located in the required default directory,
DAPS automatically finds the path to your images. Therefore
referencing images in your XML sources is very straightforward: you do not
need to include any path in the fileref attribute—the file name is
enough.
Furthermore DocBook allows you to reference more than one image to distinguish
between different output formats. For example, you can add two
references pointing to the same file, but using different images widths for
PDF and HTML output. Use the role attribute
to specify the output format, for example fo
or html. See Example 2, “Image Reference in an XML File”.
Example 2. Image Reference in an XML File¶
<figure>
<title>Main Window</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject role="fo">
<imagedata fileref="screenshot.png" width="70%"/>
</imageobject>
<imageobject role="html">
<imagedata fileref="screenshot.png" width="75%"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>Before introducing the key daps commands to create output formats from your XML documents, let's get familiar with the basic syntax of the daps command:
$ daps [--global-options] subcommand [--command-options] [arguments]
Example 3, “DAPS Syntax ” shows an example command that generates HTML output. Global options are used to specify the level of verbosity, and the Doc Config file for creating the output.
Example 3. DAPS Syntax ¶
daps--debug
-d
DC-daps-example html
--static
![]()
Main command: daps | |
Global Option | |
Global Option | |
Subcommand html: Defines the output format to create. | |
Command option |
Generally, DAPS can be executed with or without options. To view the global options and the available subcommands, use the command:
$ daps help
For a short help text on a specific subcommand, use:
$ daps help subcommandFor example, if you want more information about generating HTML output, run:
$ daps help html
The following section introduces the key daps commands needed to create output formats from XML files. All examples are based on the example files that are provided by the DAPS initialization script. For more information, refer to Section 6, “A Documentation Project From Scratch”.
DAPS supports a number of different output formats, including “exotic” formats like man pages or ASCII text.
By default, the DocBook stylesheets are used for generating output formats. But DAPS also allows you to customize your output formats in a very flexible way.
Generating any output requires that your XML files are well-formed and can be validated. As soon as any output command is executed, DAPS automatically runs a validation check first. If it fails, DAPS returns the parser errors, including information about the type of error, the respective file name and the line number where the error occured.
Example 4. Parser Output For Validation Errors (link to unknown ID)
daps_user_concept.xml:60: element xref: validity error: IDREF attribute linkend references an unknown ID "itl.daps.user.inst.other.req" Document /local/svn/daps-svn/daps/doc/build/.profiled/x86-amd64-em64t_osuse_/ MAIN.DAPS.xml does not validate make: *** [validate] Error 3
Independent of the individual output format you want to create, you need to specify the Doc Config file to use:
$ daps -dDC_FILEOUTPUT_FORMAT
For example:
$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf
If your current directory is not the documentation directory where the DC file is located, also specify the (absolute or relative) path to the DC file. For example:
$ daps -d /svn/daps/example/DC-daps-example color-pdf
At the end of the transformation process, DAPS shows a message where to find the generated output.
The following table gives an overview of the DAPS subcommands for generating output formats.
Table 1. DAPS Output Commands and Formats¶
|
Subcommand |
Output |
Note |
|---|---|---|
|
color-pdf |
Creates a color PDF (without any crop marks). Open the result in a PDF viewer. |
Requires an FO formatter. |
|
|
Creates a black-and-white PDF with crop marks, suitable for hand-off to a printing shop. Open the result in a PDF viewer. |
Requires an FO formatter. Creation of crop marks is currently only supported by the XEP FO formatter. All color images are automatically converted to grayscale images. |
|
html |
Creates a subdirectory containing individual HTML files for
all chapters of a book (including also preface, glossary or
appendix files). Open the generated
|
Images and CSS files are only linked in the resulting directory
that contains the HTML files. To copy these files to the same location
like the HTML files, use the |
|
html-single |
Creates a single HTML file, named after the DC file used
to create the output. Open the generated |
Single HTML files are more convenient for full text searches.
Images and CSS files are only linked in the resulting directory that
contains the HTML files. To copy these files to the same location like
the HTML files, use the |
|
epub |
Creates an ePUB document. Open the result in an portable e-book reader (or with a software like Calibre). |
|
|
webhelp |
Creates a DocBook Web Help output. Open the generated
|
Experimental feature. Requires a very recent version of the DocBook stylesheets. DocBook Web Help consists of HTML pages with an additional pane, featuring a table of contents and a search function. The table of contents can be expanded and collapsed and is automatically synchronized with the contents pane. The search function weights the search results so that the most relevant results are listed first. |
|
txt |
Creates an ASCII text output. Open the result in a text editor. |
All images are removed from the output, but their location is indicated in the text by the respective image base name printed in square brackets. A table of contents is automatically generated and is available at the beginning of the text document. |
|
man |
Creates one or multiple man pages. |
To create man pages, your XML files must contain at least one
|
|
jsp |
Creates Java Server Pages (JSP files). The generated
|
A JSP file is an HTML page containing a reference to Java servlets or Java Server Side Applets. |
|
wiki |
Creates a MediaWiki output in a single file. Open the result in a text or MediaWiki editor, and use it as raw input for a MediaWiki article. |
Experimental feature. The output is very basic: Section titles
are converted in headlines according to their hierarchy, itemized
lists, ordered lists and |
Instead of always building your complete documentation project
(set, book, or
article), DAPS also allows you to build an
individual chapter or part. If you
want the output format to include remark elements or to
be marked as a draft version, you can tell DAPS to
do so.
The “starting point” of your documentation project is
usually the root element defined in the Main file that is referenced in
the respective Doc Config. Alternatively, specify a ROOTID on the command
line by using the --rootid option. This also allows you
to build only a part of your documentation project by using the ID of a
book, article,
glossary, appendix,
part, or chapter element.
For example, if you have set up your working environment with
daps-init and an example book,
use the following command to build the first chapter of the book
(without the book's title page, table of contents etc.):
$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf --rootid=cha.template.examples
For publishing a pre-release version of a document that you
might want to send to a proofreader for review, use the
--draft command option to mark the document as
draft version. For example, use the following command to build a color PDF
that has a DRAFT watermark printed on each page:
$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf --draft
If you used remark elements in your XML files (for
editorial remarks or questions to the proofreader), include the remarks
in the output with the --remarks option:
$ daps -d DC-daps-example color-pdf --remarks
By default, the content of remark elements is shown in italics in the output format. Enabling remarks automatically turns draft mode on.
![]() | Output with Remarks or Draft Watermark |
|---|---|
The command options | |
By default, DAPS adds a string to the base name of the output file
to flag output formats generated with special options. Example file names
are daps-example_draft_en.pdf or
daps-example_remarks_draft_en.pdf.
This section provides instructions how to migrate existing DocBook projects so that you can use DAPS for managing and publishing them.
Procedure 3. Making DocBook Projects Compatible with DAPS¶
If your XML files are distributed across several subdirectories, flatten
the hierarchy and put all XML files directly into the
xml subdirectory that is required by DAPS. See
Directory Structure. Hosting multiple documentation projects in
the same xml directory is fine as long as the file
names are unique. You can put multiple Main files there.
If you have any XIncludes or entity declaration files, also
put them into the xml subdirectory.
Depending on the file type of your source images, add them to the
respective subdirectories in
.
The YOUR_DOC_DIR/images/srcimage directory and its substructure is required
by DAPS. For details, refer to Directory Structure.
Make sure that the base names of your image files are unique. For details, refer to Section 8.2, “Location of the Images”.
Adjust all references of image files, Xincludes, and entity declarations, in the existing XML files to match the structure required by DAPS. The references must not include any absolute or relative path, the plain file name is enough.
For each deliverable (book, article, set) that you want to generate from
your XML files, create a Doc Config file. For more information, refer to
Section 5.1, “Key Files”. Find a template
for DC files in your installed system in
/usr/share/daps/init_templates/DC-file.template.
If you already used DAPS' predecessor susedoc,
use the /usr/bin/daps-envconvert script for migrating
your ENV files to DC files. For a short overview of the main changes, refer to
/usr/share/doc/packages/daps/README.upgrade_from_susedoc_4.x.
In contrast to susedoc, DAPS uses the DocBook layout by default. The
SUSE-stylesheets have been moved to a separate package,
suse-xsl-stylesheets. It is available
from the Documentation:Tools repository. If you want to continue using the
SUSE-layout for your documentation projects, install this package in addition
to DAPS. To make DAPS use the SUSE layout, adjust the
STYLEROOT parameter in the DC files of your
documentation projetcs.
DAPS can be customized to a large degree. The configuration file
/etc/daps/config lists all parameters that can be configured, including a
short description for each parameter. Parameters are always defined as
KEY="VALUE" pairs. Any parameter can be set in various
locations, which are listed below in ascending order with regards to their
hierarchy. If conflicting values are set for the same parameter, the value
defined in the next hierarchy level takes precedence. Values defined on the
command line always take precedence over values set in any other locations.
/etc/daps/config (system-wide configuration file)
~/.daps/config (user-specific configuration file)
DC (doc config) file of the documentation project (for settings specific to a document or documentation set)
on the fly at the command line by specifing options to a daps command.
This guide gave you a short introduction toDAPS and guided you through the key tasks. To discover more, refer to the other manuals available on DAPS at https://sourceforge.net/p/daps/home/Home/.
For general discussions and technical support, join our mailinglist
daps-general. You need a user account at
sourceforge.net for this.
For a complete DocBook reference see DocBook: The Definitive Guide.
If you encounter problems with DAPS, check Chapter 10, Troubleshooting (↑User Guide) for a list of common problems and their solution.
Version 1.2, November 2002
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements”.
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.