Esta é a seção de um perfil do AppArmor que faz referência a um arquivo de inclusão, o qual faz o intermédio com as permissões de acesso aos programas. Usando uma inclusão (include), você pode conceder aos programas o acesso a diretórios ou arquivos que também são requeridos por outros programas. O uso de includes pode reduzir o tamanho de um perfil. É uma boa pratica selecionar includes quando sugerido.

Para ajudá-lo a criar o perfil de suas aplicações, o AppArmor fornece três classes de #includes: abstrações, blocos de programas e ajustáveis.

Abstrações são #includes agrupados por tarefas comuns de uma aplicação. Essas tarefas incluem acesso a mecanismos de autenticação, acesso a rotinas de nomes de serviço, requisitos gráficos comuns e sistema de cálculos (por exemplos, base, consoles, kerberosclient, perl, user-mail, user-tmp, authentication, bash, nameservice).

Os blocos de programas são controles de acessos para programas específicos que um administrador de sistema pode desejar controlar baseado em politicas locais. Cada bloco é usado por um único programa.

Os ajustáveis são definições de variáveis globais. Quando usados em um perfil, essas variáveis são expandidas para um valor que pode ser alterado sem alterar o perfil completo. Consequentemente, seus perfis tornam-se portáveis para ambientes diferentes.

Variáveis locais são definidas no cabeçalho de um perfil. Use variáveis locais para criar atalhos para caminhos, por exemplo, para fornecer a base para um caminho com raiz alterada (chroot):

@{CHROOT_BASE}=/tmp/foo
/sbin/syslog-ng {
...
# aplicativos com raiz alterada
@{CHROOT_BASE}/var/lib/*/dev/log w,
@{CHROOT_BASE}/var/log/** w,
...
}

Regras de apelidos fornecem uma forma alternativa de reescrever o caminho para usar variáveis e são processadas após a resolução das variáveis:

alias /home/ -> /mnt/users/

O AppArmor fornece mediação no acesso à rede baseado no domínio e tipo de rede:

/bin/ping {
network inet dgram,
network inet raw,
...
}

O exemplo habilitaria o acesso da rede IPv4 ao datagrama e tipos não genéricos para o comando ping. Para mais detalhes sobre a regra de sintaxe de rede, consulte Parte “Confining Privileges with Novell AppArmor” (↑Guia de Segurança).

As declarações de capacidades são simplesmente a palavra “capability” seguida pelo nome da capacidade POSIX.1e, como definido na página man capabilities(7).

O modo de associação concede permissão para criar associações para arquivos arbitrários, desde que a associação tenha um subconjunto de permissões concedidas pelo alvo (teste do subconjunto de permissões). Especificando a origem e o destino, a regra do par de associação proporciona maior controle sobre como as associações fortes são criadas. Regras do par de associação, por padrão, não reforçam o teste do conjunto de permissões que os padrões que as regras do par requerem. Para forçar a regra para requerer o teste, a palavra-chave subset é usada. As seguintes regras são equivalentes:

/link      l,
link subset /link -> /**,

O AppArmor fornece regras de negação que são regras padrões, mas com a palavra deny como prefixo. Elas são usadas para relembrar rejeições conhecidas, e rejeitando-as para não encher os arquivos de log. Para mais informações, veja Parte “Confining Privileges with Novell AppArmor” (↑Guia de Segurança).

As regras de arquivos podem ser ampliadas para que elas possam ser condicionais ao usuário ser dono do arquivo usando a palavra-chave owner como prefixo na regra. Regras condicionais proprietárias acumulam bem como as regras regulares de arquivos e são consideradas um subconjunto de regras regulares de arquivos. Se uma regra regular sobrepõe-se com um regra de arquivo condicional proprietária, a permissão resultante será a da regra regular do arquivos.

Para executáveis que podem ser chamados a partir de programas confinados, a ferramenta de criação de perfis lhe pergunta pelo modo apropriado, o qual também é refletido diretamente no próprio perfil:

	Executando no modo ux
Evite executar programas no modo ux o máximo possível. Um programa rodando no modo ux não é somente desprotegido pelo AppArmor mas seus processos filhos herdam certas variáveis de ambiente dele que podem influenciar o comportamento dos filhos e criar possíveis riscos de segurança.

Para mais informações sobre os diferentes modos de execução de arquivos, consulte a página man apparmor.d(5). Para mais informações sobre o ambiente de "scrubbing" do setgid e setuid, consulte a página man ld.so(8).

O AppArmor suporta manipulação explicita de diretórios. Use uma / final para qualquer caminho que precisa ser explicitamente distinguido:

Para poupar o usuário de especificar caminhos semelhantes novamente, o AppArmor suporta globbing básico:

O AppArmor fornece ao usuário a habilidade de auditar determinadas regras para que quando elas forem comparadas, uma mensagem de auditoria apareça no log do audit. Para habilitar as mensagens de auditoria para uma dada regra, a palavra-chave audit é prefixada à regra:

audit /etc/foo/* rw,

Normalmente, o AppArmor só restringe controles nativos existentes do Linux e não concede privilégios adicionais. A única exceção a essa regra é a regra set capability. Por razões de segurança, as regras set capability não serão herdadas. Uma vez que o programa deixar o perfil, ele perderá todos privilégios elevados. O ajuste de uma capacidade também implica em adicionar uma regra de capacidade permitindo aquela capacidade. Como essa regra concede privilégios de root a processos, deve ser usada com extremo cuidado e somente em casos excepcionais.

set capabilty cap_chown,

Um perfil do AppArmor representa uma política de segurança para uma instância de programa individual ou processo. Isso é aplicado a um programa executável, mas se uma porção do programa precisa de diferentes permissões de acesso, o programa pode “trocar hats” para usar um diferente contexto de segurança, diferente do acesso do programa principal. Isso é conhecido como um hat ou subperfil.

Um perfil pode ter um número arbitrário de hats, mas há somente dois níveis: um hat não pode ter outros hats.

A funcionalidade ChangeHat do AppArmor pode ser usada por aplicações para acessar hats durante a execução. Atualmente, os pacotes apache2-mod_apparmor e tomcat_apparmor utilizam o ChangeHat para fornecer um confinamento de subprocessos para o servidor web Apache e o contentor servlet Tomcat.

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