Working with Files and Directories

To address a certain file or directory, you must specify the path leading to that directory or file. As you may know from MS DOS or Mac OS already, there are two ways to specify a path:

Absolute Path: Enter the entire path from the root directory to the relevant file or directory.
Relative Path: Enter a path to the relevant file or directory by using the current directory as a starting point. This implies to give the levels you have to move up or down in the file system tree to reach the target directory of file, starting from the current directory.

Paths contain filenames, directories or both, separated by slashes. Absolute paths always start with a slash. Relative paths do not have a slash at the beginning, but can have one or two dots.

When entering commands, you can choose either way to specify a path, depending on your preferences or the amount of typing, both will lead to the same result. To change directories, use the cd command and specify the path to the directory.

	Handling Blanks in Filenames or Directory Names
If a filename or the name of a directory contains a space, either escape the space using a back slash (`\`) in front of the blank or enclose the filename in single quotes. Otherwise Bash interprets a filename like `My Documents` as the names of two files or directories, `My` and `Documents` in this case.

When specifying paths, the following “shortcuts” can save you a lot of typing:

The tilde symbol (~) is a shortcut for home directories. For example, to list the contents of your home directory, use ls ~. To list the contents of another user's home directory, enter ls ~username (or course, this will only work if you have permission to view the contents, see Section 6.3, “File Access Permissions”). For example, entering ls ~tux would list the contents of the home directory of a user named tux. You can use the tilde symbol as shortcut for home directories also if you are working in a network environment where your home directory may not be called /home but can be mapped to any directory in the file system.
From anywhere in the file system, you can reach your home directory by entering cd ~ or by simply entering cd without any options.
When using relative paths, refer to the current directory with a dot (.). This is mainly useful for commands such as cp or mv by which you can copy or move files and directories.
The next higher level in the tree is represented by two dots (..). In order to switch to the parent directory of your current directory, enter cd .., to go up two levels from the current directory enter cd ../.. etc.

To apply your knowledge, find some examples below. They address basic tasks you may want to execute with files or folders using Bash.

Examples for Working with Files and Directories

Suppose you want to copy a file located somewhere in your home directory to a subdirectory of /tmp that you need to create first.

Procedure 7.1. Creating and Changing Directories

From your home directory create a subdirectory in /tmp:

Enter
```
mkdir  /tmp/test
```
mkdir stands for “make directory”. This command creates a new directory named test in the /tmp directory. In this case, you are using an absolute path to create the test directory.
To check what happened, now enter
```
ls -l /tmp
```
The new directory test should appear in the list of contents of the /tmp directory.
Switch to the newly created directory with
```
cd /tmp/test
```

Procedure 7.2. Creating and Copying Files

Now create a new file in a subdirectory of your home directory and copy it to /tmp/test. Use a relative path for this task.

	Overwriting of Existing Files
Before copying, moving or renaming a file, check if your target directory already contains a file with the same name. If yes, consider changing one of the filenames or use cp or mv with options like `-i`, which will prompt before overwriting an existing file. Otherwise Bash will overwrite the existing file confirmation.

To list the contents of your home directory, enter
```
ls -l ~
```
It should contain a subdirectory called Documents by default. If not, create this subdirectory with the mkdir command you already know:
```
mkdir ~/Documents
```
To create a new, empty file named myfile.txt in the Documents directory, enter
```
touch ~/Documents/myfile.txt
```
Usually, the touch command updates the modification and access date for an existing file. If you use touch with a filename which does not exist in your target directory, it creates a new file.
Enter
```
ls -l ~/Documents
```
The new file should appear in the list of contents.
To copy the newly created file, enter
```
cp ~/Documents/myfile.txt .
```
Do not forget the dot at the end.
This command tells Bash to go to your home directory and to copy myfile.txt from the Documents subdirectory to the current directory, /tmp/test, without changing the name of the file.
Check the result by entering
```
ls -l
```
The file myfile.txt should appear in the list of contents for /tmp/test.

Procedure 7.3. Renaming and Removing Files or Directories

Now suppose you want to rename myfile.txt into tuxfile.txt. Finally you decide to remove the renamed file and the test subdirectory.

To rename the file, enter
```
mv myfile.txt tuxfile.txt
```
To check what happened, enter
```
ls -l
```
Instead of myfile.txt, tuxfile.txt should appear in the list of contents.
mv stands for move and is used with two options: the first option specifies the source, the second option specifies the target of the operation. You can use mv either
- to rename a file or a directory,
- to move a file or directory to a new location or
- to do both in one step.
Coming to the conclusion that you do not need the file any longer, you can delete it by entering
```
rm tuxfile.txt 
```
Bash deletes the file without any confirmation.
Move up one level with cd .. and check with
```
ls -l test
```
if the test directory is empty now.
If yes, you can remove the test directory by entering
```
rmdir test
```