dbus-marshal-validate.c

/* -*- mode: C; c-file-style: "gnu" -*- */
/* dbus-marshal-validate.c Validation routines for marshaled data
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2005 Red Hat, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Academic Free License version 2.1
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 */

#include "dbus-internals.h"
#include "dbus-marshal-validate.h"
#include "dbus-marshal-recursive.h"
#include "dbus-marshal-basic.h"
#include "dbus-signature.h"
#include "dbus-string.h"

DBusValidity
_dbus_validate_signature_with_reason (const DBusString *type_str,
                                      int               type_pos,
                                      int               len)
{
  const unsigned char *p;
  const unsigned char *end;
  int last;
  int struct_depth;
  int array_depth;
  int dict_entry_depth;
  DBusValidity result;

  int element_count;
  DBusList *element_count_stack;

  result = DBUS_VALID;
  element_count_stack = NULL;

  if (!_dbus_list_append (&element_count_stack, _DBUS_INT_TO_POINTER (0)))
    {
      result = DBUS_VALIDITY_UNKNOWN_OOM_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }

  _dbus_assert (type_str != NULL);
  _dbus_assert (type_pos < _DBUS_INT32_MAX - len);
  _dbus_assert (len >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (type_pos >= 0);

  if (len > DBUS_MAXIMUM_SIGNATURE_LENGTH)
    {
      result = DBUS_INVALID_SIGNATURE_TOO_LONG;
      goto out;
    }

  p = _dbus_string_get_const_data_len (type_str, type_pos, 0);

  end = _dbus_string_get_const_data_len (type_str, type_pos + len, 0);
  struct_depth = 0;
  array_depth = 0;
  dict_entry_depth = 0;
  last = DBUS_TYPE_INVALID;

  while (p != end)
    {
      switch (*p)
        {
        case DBUS_TYPE_BYTE:
        case DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
        case DBUS_TYPE_INT16:
        case DBUS_TYPE_UINT16:
        case DBUS_TYPE_INT32:
        case DBUS_TYPE_UINT32:
        case DBUS_TYPE_INT64:
        case DBUS_TYPE_UINT64:
        case DBUS_TYPE_DOUBLE:
        case DBUS_TYPE_STRING:
        case DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH:
        case DBUS_TYPE_SIGNATURE:
        case DBUS_TYPE_VARIANT:
          break;

        case DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY:
          array_depth += 1;
          if (array_depth > DBUS_MAXIMUM_TYPE_RECURSION_DEPTH)
            {
              result = DBUS_INVALID_EXCEEDED_MAXIMUM_ARRAY_RECURSION;
              goto out;
            }
          break;

        case DBUS_STRUCT_BEGIN_CHAR:
          struct_depth += 1;

          if (struct_depth > DBUS_MAXIMUM_TYPE_RECURSION_DEPTH)
            {
              result = DBUS_INVALID_EXCEEDED_MAXIMUM_STRUCT_RECURSION;
              goto out;
            }
          
          if (!_dbus_list_append (&element_count_stack, 
                             _DBUS_INT_TO_POINTER (0)))
            {
              result = DBUS_VALIDITY_UNKNOWN_OOM_ERROR;
              goto out;
            }

          break;

        case DBUS_STRUCT_END_CHAR:
          if (struct_depth == 0)
            {
              result = DBUS_INVALID_STRUCT_ENDED_BUT_NOT_STARTED;
              goto out;
            }

          if (last == DBUS_STRUCT_BEGIN_CHAR)
            {
              result = DBUS_INVALID_STRUCT_HAS_NO_FIELDS;
              goto out;
            }

          _dbus_list_pop_last (&element_count_stack);

          struct_depth -= 1;
          break;

        case DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_BEGIN_CHAR:
          if (last != DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY)
            {
              result = DBUS_INVALID_DICT_ENTRY_NOT_INSIDE_ARRAY;
              goto out;
            }
            
          dict_entry_depth += 1;

          if (dict_entry_depth > DBUS_MAXIMUM_TYPE_RECURSION_DEPTH)
            {
              result = DBUS_INVALID_EXCEEDED_MAXIMUM_DICT_ENTRY_RECURSION;
              goto out;
            }

          if (!_dbus_list_append (&element_count_stack, 
                             _DBUS_INT_TO_POINTER (0)))
            {
              result = DBUS_VALIDITY_UNKNOWN_OOM_ERROR;
              goto out;
            }

          break;

        case DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_END_CHAR:
          if (dict_entry_depth == 0)
            {
              result = DBUS_INVALID_DICT_ENTRY_ENDED_BUT_NOT_STARTED;
              goto out;
            }
            
          dict_entry_depth -= 1;

          element_count = 
            _DBUS_POINTER_TO_INT (_dbus_list_pop_last (&element_count_stack));

          if (element_count != 2)
            {
              if (element_count == 0)
                result = DBUS_INVALID_DICT_ENTRY_HAS_NO_FIELDS;
              else if (element_count == 1)
                result = DBUS_INVALID_DICT_ENTRY_HAS_ONLY_ONE_FIELD;
              else
                result = DBUS_INVALID_DICT_ENTRY_HAS_TOO_MANY_FIELDS;
              
              goto out;
            }
          break;
          
        case DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT:     /* doesn't appear in signatures */
        case DBUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY: /* ditto */
        default:
          result = DBUS_INVALID_UNKNOWN_TYPECODE;
          goto out;
        }

      if (*p != DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY && 
          *p != DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_BEGIN_CHAR && 
          *p != DBUS_STRUCT_BEGIN_CHAR) 
        {
          element_count = 
            _DBUS_POINTER_TO_INT (_dbus_list_pop_last (&element_count_stack));

          ++element_count;

          if (!_dbus_list_append (&element_count_stack, 
                             _DBUS_INT_TO_POINTER (element_count)))
            {
              result = DBUS_VALIDITY_UNKNOWN_OOM_ERROR;
              goto out;
            }
        }
      
      if (array_depth > 0)
        {
          if (*p == DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY && p != end)
            {
               const char *p1;
               p1 = p + 1;
               if (*p1 == DBUS_STRUCT_END_CHAR ||
                   *p1 == DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_END_CHAR)
                 {
                   result = DBUS_INVALID_MISSING_ARRAY_ELEMENT_TYPE;
                   goto out;
                 }
            }
          else
            {
              array_depth = 0;
            }
        }

      if (last == DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_BEGIN_CHAR &&
          _dbus_type_is_valid (*p) &&
          !dbus_type_is_basic (*p))
        {
          result = DBUS_INVALID_DICT_KEY_MUST_BE_BASIC_TYPE;
          goto out;
        }
        
      last = *p;
      ++p;
    }


  if (array_depth > 0)
    {
      result = DBUS_INVALID_MISSING_ARRAY_ELEMENT_TYPE;
      goto out;
    }
    
  if (struct_depth > 0)
    {
       result = DBUS_INVALID_STRUCT_STARTED_BUT_NOT_ENDED;
       goto out;
    }
    
  if (dict_entry_depth > 0)
    {
      result =  DBUS_INVALID_DICT_ENTRY_STARTED_BUT_NOT_ENDED;
      goto out;
    }
    
  _dbus_assert (last != DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY);
  _dbus_assert (last != DBUS_STRUCT_BEGIN_CHAR);
  _dbus_assert (last != DBUS_DICT_ENTRY_BEGIN_CHAR);

  result = DBUS_VALID;

out:
  _dbus_list_clear (&element_count_stack);
  return result;
}

static DBusValidity
validate_body_helper (DBusTypeReader       *reader,
                      int                   byte_order,
                      dbus_bool_t           walk_reader_to_end,
                      const unsigned char  *p,
                      const unsigned char  *end,
                      const unsigned char **new_p)
{
  int current_type;

  while ((current_type = _dbus_type_reader_get_current_type (reader)) != DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)
    {
      const unsigned char *a;
      int alignment;

#if 0
      _dbus_verbose ("   validating value of type %s type reader %p type_pos %d p %p end %p %d remain\n",
                     _dbus_type_to_string (current_type), reader, reader->type_pos, p, end,
                     (int) (end - p));
#endif

      /* Guarantee that p has one byte to look at */
      if (p == end)
        return DBUS_INVALID_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA;

      switch (current_type)
        {
        case DBUS_TYPE_BYTE:
          ++p;
          break;
          
        case DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
        case DBUS_TYPE_INT16:
        case DBUS_TYPE_UINT16:
        case DBUS_TYPE_INT32:
        case DBUS_TYPE_UINT32:
        case DBUS_TYPE_INT64:
        case DBUS_TYPE_UINT64:
        case DBUS_TYPE_DOUBLE:
          alignment = _dbus_type_get_alignment (current_type);
          a = _DBUS_ALIGN_ADDRESS (p, alignment);
          if (a >= end)
            return DBUS_INVALID_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA;
          while (p != a)
            {
              if (*p != '\0')
                return DBUS_INVALID_ALIGNMENT_PADDING_NOT_NUL;
              ++p;
            }
          
          if (current_type == DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN)
            {
              dbus_uint32_t v = _dbus_unpack_uint32 (byte_order,
                                                     p);
              if (!(v == 0 || v == 1))
                return DBUS_INVALID_BOOLEAN_NOT_ZERO_OR_ONE;
            }
          
          p += alignment;
          break;

        case DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY:
        case DBUS_TYPE_STRING:
        case DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH:
          {
            dbus_uint32_t claimed_len;

            a = _DBUS_ALIGN_ADDRESS (p, 4);
            if (a + 4 > end)
              return DBUS_INVALID_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA;
            while (p != a)
              {
                if (*p != '\0')
                  return DBUS_INVALID_ALIGNMENT_PADDING_NOT_NUL;
                ++p;
              }

            claimed_len = _dbus_unpack_uint32 (byte_order, p);
            p += 4;

            /* p may now be == end */
            _dbus_assert (p <= end);
            
            if (current_type == DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY)
              {
                int array_elem_type = _dbus_type_reader_get_element_type (reader);
                alignment = _dbus_type_get_alignment (array_elem_type);
                p = _DBUS_ALIGN_ADDRESS (p, alignment);
              }

            if (claimed_len > (unsigned long) (end - p))
              return DBUS_INVALID_LENGTH_OUT_OF_BOUNDS;

            if (current_type == DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH)
              {
                DBusString str;
                _dbus_string_init_const_len (&str, p, claimed_len);
                if (!_dbus_validate_path (&str, 0,
                                          _dbus_string_get_length (&str)))
                  return DBUS_INVALID_BAD_PATH;

                p += claimed_len;
              }
            else if (current_type == DBUS_TYPE_STRING)
              {
                DBusString str;
                _dbus_string_init_const_len (&str, p, claimed_len);
                if (!_dbus_string_validate_utf8 (&str, 0,
                                                 _dbus_string_get_length (&str)))
                  return DBUS_INVALID_BAD_UTF8_IN_STRING;

                p += claimed_len;
              }
            else if (current_type == DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY && claimed_len > 0)
              {
                DBusTypeReader sub;
                DBusValidity validity;
                const unsigned char *array_end;

                if (claimed_len > DBUS_MAXIMUM_ARRAY_LENGTH)
                  return DBUS_INVALID_ARRAY_LENGTH_EXCEEDS_MAXIMUM;
                
                /* Remember that the reader is types only, so we can't
                 * use it to iterate over elements. It stays the same
                 * for all elements.
                 */
                _dbus_type_reader_recurse (reader, &sub);

                array_end = p + claimed_len;

                while (p < array_end)
                  {
                    /* FIXME we are calling a function per array element! very bad
                     * need if (dbus_type_is_fixed(elem_type)) here to just skip
                     * big blocks of ints/bytes/etc.
                     */                     
                    
                    validity = validate_body_helper (&sub, byte_order, FALSE, p, end, &p);
                    if (validity != DBUS_VALID)
                      return validity;
                  }

                if (p != array_end)
                  return DBUS_INVALID_ARRAY_LENGTH_INCORRECT;
              }

            /* check nul termination */
            if (current_type != DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY)
              {
                if (p == end)
                  return DBUS_INVALID_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA;

                if (*p != '\0')
                  return DBUS_INVALID_STRING_MISSING_NUL;
                ++p;
              }
          }
          break;

        case DBUS_TYPE_SIGNATURE:
          {
            dbus_uint32_t claimed_len;
            DBusString str;
            DBusValidity validity;

            claimed_len = *p;
            ++p;

            /* 1 is for nul termination */
            if (claimed_len + 1 > (unsigned long) (end - p))
              return DBUS_INVALID_SIGNATURE_LENGTH_OUT_OF_BOUNDS;

            _dbus_string_init_const_len (&str, p, claimed_len);
            validity =
              _dbus_validate_signature_with_reason (&str, 0,
                                                    _dbus_string_get_length (&str));

            if (validity != DBUS_VALID)
              return validity;

            p += claimed_len;

            _dbus_assert (p < end);
            if (*p != DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)
              return DBUS_INVALID_SIGNATURE_MISSING_NUL;

            ++p;

            _dbus_verbose ("p = %p end = %p claimed_len %u\n", p, end, claimed_len);
          }
          break;

        case DBUS_TYPE_VARIANT:
          {
            /* 1 byte sig len, sig typecodes, align to
             * contained-type-boundary, values.
             */

            /* In addition to normal signature validation, we need to be sure
             * the signature contains only a single (possibly container) type.
             */
            dbus_uint32_t claimed_len;
            DBusString sig;
            DBusTypeReader sub;
            DBusValidity validity;
            int contained_alignment;
            int contained_type;
            DBusValidity reason;

            claimed_len = *p;
            ++p;

            /* + 1 for nul */
            if (claimed_len + 1 > (unsigned long) (end - p))
              return DBUS_INVALID_VARIANT_SIGNATURE_LENGTH_OUT_OF_BOUNDS;

            _dbus_string_init_const_len (&sig, p, claimed_len);
            reason = _dbus_validate_signature_with_reason (&sig, 0,
                                           _dbus_string_get_length (&sig));
            if (!(reason == DBUS_VALID))
              {
                if (reason == DBUS_VALIDITY_UNKNOWN_OOM_ERROR)
                  return reason;
                else 
                  return DBUS_INVALID_VARIANT_SIGNATURE_BAD;
              }

            p += claimed_len;
            
            if (*p != DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)
              return DBUS_INVALID_VARIANT_SIGNATURE_MISSING_NUL;
            ++p;

            contained_type = _dbus_first_type_in_signature (&sig, 0);
            if (contained_type == DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)
              return DBUS_INVALID_VARIANT_SIGNATURE_EMPTY;
            
            contained_alignment = _dbus_type_get_alignment (contained_type);
            
            a = _DBUS_ALIGN_ADDRESS (p, contained_alignment);
            if (a > end)
              return DBUS_INVALID_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA;
            while (p != a)
              {
                if (*p != '\0')
                  return DBUS_INVALID_ALIGNMENT_PADDING_NOT_NUL;
                ++p;
              }

            _dbus_type_reader_init_types_only (&sub, &sig, 0);

            _dbus_assert (_dbus_type_reader_get_current_type (&sub) != DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);

            validity = validate_body_helper (&sub, byte_order, FALSE, p, end, &p);
            if (validity != DBUS_VALID)
              return validity;

            if (_dbus_type_reader_next (&sub))
              return DBUS_INVALID_VARIANT_SIGNATURE_SPECIFIES_MULTIPLE_VALUES;

            _dbus_assert (_dbus_type_reader_get_current_type (&sub) == DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
          }
          break;

        case DBUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY:
        case DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT:
          {
            DBusTypeReader sub;
            DBusValidity validity;

            a = _DBUS_ALIGN_ADDRESS (p, 8);
            if (a > end)
              return DBUS_INVALID_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA;
            while (p != a)
              {
                if (*p != '\0')
                  return DBUS_INVALID_ALIGNMENT_PADDING_NOT_NUL;
                ++p;
              }

            _dbus_type_reader_recurse (reader, &sub);

            validity = validate_body_helper (&sub, byte_order, TRUE, p, end, &p);
            if (validity != DBUS_VALID)
              return validity;
          }
          break;

        default:
          _dbus_assert_not_reached ("invalid typecode in supposedly-validated signature");
          break;
        }

#if 0
      _dbus_verbose ("   validated value of type %s type reader %p type_pos %d p %p end %p %d remain\n",
                     _dbus_type_to_string (current_type), reader, reader->type_pos, p, end,
                     (int) (end - p));
#endif

      if (p > end)
        {
          _dbus_verbose ("not enough data!!! p = %p end = %p end-p = %d\n",
                         p, end, (int) (end - p));
          return DBUS_INVALID_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA;
        }

      if (walk_reader_to_end)
        _dbus_type_reader_next (reader);
      else
        break;
    }

  if (new_p)
    *new_p = p;

  return DBUS_VALID;
}

DBusValidity
_dbus_validate_body_with_reason (const DBusString *expected_signature,
                                 int               expected_signature_start,
                                 int               byte_order,
                                 int              *bytes_remaining,
                                 const DBusString *value_str,
                                 int               value_pos,
                                 int               len)
{
  DBusTypeReader reader;
  const unsigned char *p;
  const unsigned char *end;
  DBusValidity validity;

  _dbus_assert (len >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (value_pos >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (value_pos <= _dbus_string_get_length (value_str) - len);

  _dbus_verbose ("validating body from pos %d len %d sig '%s'\n",
                 value_pos, len, _dbus_string_get_const_data_len (expected_signature,
                                                                  expected_signature_start,
                                                                  0));

  _dbus_type_reader_init_types_only (&reader,
                                     expected_signature, expected_signature_start);

  p = _dbus_string_get_const_data_len (value_str, value_pos, len);
  end = p + len;

  validity = validate_body_helper (&reader, byte_order, TRUE, p, end, &p);
  if (validity != DBUS_VALID)
    return validity;
  
  if (bytes_remaining)
    {
      *bytes_remaining = end - p;
      return DBUS_VALID;
    }
  else if (p < end)
    return DBUS_INVALID_TOO_MUCH_DATA;
  else
    {
      _dbus_assert (p == end);
      return DBUS_VALID;
    }
}

#define VALID_INITIAL_NAME_CHARACTER(c)         \
  ( ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ||               \
    ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ||               \
    ((c) == '_') )

#define VALID_NAME_CHARACTER(c)                 \
  ( ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9') ||               \
    ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ||               \
    ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ||               \
    ((c) == '_') )

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_validate_path (const DBusString  *str,
                     int                start,
                     int                len)
{
  const unsigned char *s;
  const unsigned char *end;
  const unsigned char *last_slash;

  _dbus_assert (start >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (len >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (start <= _dbus_string_get_length (str));
  
  if (len > _dbus_string_get_length (str) - start)
    return FALSE;

  if (len == 0)
    return FALSE;

  s = _dbus_string_get_const_data (str) + start;
  end = s + len;

  if (*s != '/')
    return FALSE;
  last_slash = s;
  ++s;

  while (s != end)
    {
      if (*s == '/')
        {
          if ((s - last_slash) < 2)
            return FALSE; /* no empty path components allowed */

          last_slash = s;
        }
      else
        {
          if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
            return FALSE;
        }

      ++s;
    }

  if ((end - last_slash) < 2 &&
      len > 1)
    return FALSE; /* trailing slash not allowed unless the string is "/" */

  return TRUE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_validate_interface (const DBusString  *str,
                          int                start,
                          int                len)
{
  const unsigned char *s;
  const unsigned char *end;
  const unsigned char *iface;
  const unsigned char *last_dot;

  _dbus_assert (start >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (len >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (start <= _dbus_string_get_length (str));

  if (len > _dbus_string_get_length (str) - start)
    return FALSE;

  if (len > DBUS_MAXIMUM_NAME_LENGTH)
    return FALSE;

  if (len == 0)
    return FALSE;

  last_dot = NULL;
  iface = _dbus_string_get_const_data (str) + start;
  end = iface + len;
  s = iface;

  /* check special cases of first char so it doesn't have to be done
   * in the loop. Note we know len > 0
   */
  if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (*s == '.')) /* disallow starting with a . */
    return FALSE;
  else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_INITIAL_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
    return FALSE;
  else
    ++s;

  while (s != end)
    {
      if (*s == '.')
        {
          if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY ((s + 1) == end))
            return FALSE;
          else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_INITIAL_NAME_CHARACTER (*(s + 1))))
            return FALSE;
          last_dot = s;
          ++s; /* we just validated the next char, so skip two */
        }
      else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
        {
          return FALSE;
        }

      ++s;
    }

  if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (last_dot == NULL))
    return FALSE;

  return TRUE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_validate_member (const DBusString  *str,
                       int                start,
                       int                len)
{
  const unsigned char *s;
  const unsigned char *end;
  const unsigned char *member;

  _dbus_assert (start >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (len >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (start <= _dbus_string_get_length (str));

  if (len > _dbus_string_get_length (str) - start)
    return FALSE;

  if (len > DBUS_MAXIMUM_NAME_LENGTH)
    return FALSE;

  if (len == 0)
    return FALSE;

  member = _dbus_string_get_const_data (str) + start;
  end = member + len;
  s = member;

  /* check special cases of first char so it doesn't have to be done
   * in the loop. Note we know len > 0
   */

  if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_INITIAL_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
    return FALSE;
  else
    ++s;

  while (s != end)
    {
      if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
        {
          return FALSE;
        }

      ++s;
    }

  return TRUE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_validate_error_name (const DBusString  *str,
                           int                start,
                           int                len)
{
  /* Same restrictions as interface name at the moment */
  return _dbus_validate_interface (str, start, len);
}

#define VALID_INITIAL_BUS_NAME_CHARACTER(c)         \
  ( ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ||               \
    ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ||               \
    ((c) == '_') || ((c) == '-'))

#define VALID_BUS_NAME_CHARACTER(c)                 \
  ( ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9') ||               \
    ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ||               \
    ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ||               \
    ((c) == '_') || ((c) == '-'))

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_validate_bus_name (const DBusString  *str,
                         int                start,
                         int                len)
{
  const unsigned char *s;
  const unsigned char *end;
  const unsigned char *iface;
  const unsigned char *last_dot;

  _dbus_assert (start >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (len >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (start <= _dbus_string_get_length (str));

  if (len > _dbus_string_get_length (str) - start)
    return FALSE;

  if (len > DBUS_MAXIMUM_NAME_LENGTH)
    return FALSE;

  if (len == 0)
    return FALSE;

  last_dot = NULL;
  iface = _dbus_string_get_const_data (str) + start;
  end = iface + len;
  s = iface;

  /* check special cases of first char so it doesn't have to be done
   * in the loop. Note we know len > 0
   */
  if (*s == ':')
  {
    /* unique name */
    ++s;
    while (s != end)
      {
        if (*s == '.')
          {
            if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY ((s + 1) == end))
              return FALSE;
            if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_BUS_NAME_CHARACTER (*(s + 1))))
              return FALSE;
            ++s; /* we just validated the next char, so skip two */
          }
        else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_BUS_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
          {
            return FALSE;
          }

        ++s;
      }

    return TRUE;
  }
  else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (*s == '.')) /* disallow starting with a . */
    return FALSE;
  else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_INITIAL_BUS_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
    return FALSE;
  else
    ++s;

  while (s != end)
    {
      if (*s == '.')
        {
          if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY ((s + 1) == end))
            return FALSE;
          else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_INITIAL_BUS_NAME_CHARACTER (*(s + 1))))
            return FALSE;
          last_dot = s;
          ++s; /* we just validated the next char, so skip two */
        }
      else if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (!VALID_BUS_NAME_CHARACTER (*s)))
        {
          return FALSE;
        }

      ++s;
    }

  if (_DBUS_UNLIKELY (last_dot == NULL))
    return FALSE;

  return TRUE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_validate_signature (const DBusString  *str,
                          int                start,
                          int                len)
{
  _dbus_assert (start >= 0);
  _dbus_assert (start <= _dbus_string_get_length (str));
  _dbus_assert (len >= 0);

  if (len > _dbus_string_get_length (str) - start)
    return FALSE;

  return _dbus_validate_signature_with_reason (str, start, len) == DBUS_VALID;
}

DEFINE_DBUS_NAME_CHECK(path);
DEFINE_DBUS_NAME_CHECK(interface);
DEFINE_DBUS_NAME_CHECK(member);
DEFINE_DBUS_NAME_CHECK(error_name);
DEFINE_DBUS_NAME_CHECK(bus_name);
DEFINE_DBUS_NAME_CHECK(signature);

/* tests in dbus-marshal-validate-util.c */

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